Of Studies谈念书Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make jugment wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.念书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处 幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最 见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能划分处置惩罚细事或一一判别枝 节，然纵观统筹、全局筹谋，则舍勤学深思者莫属。

念书费时过 多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。念书补 天然之不足，履历又补念书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花卉， 念书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以履历范之，则又 大而无当。有一技之父老鄙念书，无知者羡念书，唯明智之士用 念书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭 视察得之。

念书时不行故意诘难作者，不行尽信书上所言，亦不 可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者， 少数则须品味消化。

换言之，有只须读其部门者，有只须大要涉 猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人 代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经 提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。

Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins: shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers'cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.念书使人充实，讨论使人机智，条记使人准确。因此不常作 条记者须影象特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常念书者须欺世 有术，始能无知而显有知。

读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学 使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人 善辩:凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不行读适当 之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利 睾肾,射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。

如智力 不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有疏散即须重演；如 不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求 同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读状师之案卷。如此头脑中凡 有缺陷，皆有特药可医。

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